Week 10: Engaging and Motivating Students Online – Winter 2024 Harrison

Overview

Ensuring that students are engaged and motivated is a common concern in both the traditional and online classroom. Research has shown that motivation and engagement are central to student achievement, and both can affect learner persistence and retention (Bart, 2012). Online learning environments can present a unique challenge when it comes to motivation and engagement because they lack the physical presence of the educator and the dynamics of a live class. Educators may have difficulty expressing their own enthusiasm and encouragement when they are new to the online environment, and without face-to-face contact, educators are not able to easily pick up onobserve nonverbal cues from students that can indicate if they are disengaged. In addition, learning online requires students to be more self-directed and accountable, and if students are not motivated or engaged it can affect their success. Thus, it is important that online educators are aware of the factors that can contribute to motivation and engagement in the online environment and that they are able to facilitate activities and utilize strategies to nurture engagement and motivation online. This module will examine Keller’s ARCS Model and will discuss strategies for improving online motivation and engagement.

Learning Outcomes

When you have completed this module, you should be able to:

Topic 1 – Introduction to Motivation and Engagement

Martin (2006) describes motivation as students’ energy and drive to engage, learn, work effectively, and achieve their potential at school. According to Kim and Bennekin (2013), motivation refers to the willingness to exert effort to work on a learning task. The literature typically acknowledges two broad categories of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation involves pursuing a task for the satisfaction, engagement or interest the task itself might provide whereas extrinsic motivation involves pursuing a task for purposes beyond the task such as reward from an external source. In the context of learning, intrinsic motivation involves learning something for its inherent interest or enjoyment while extrinsic motivation involves learning something as a means to an end, such as earning a credential or a grade (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Research suggests that extrinsic motivation tends to lead to surface learning and lower achievement, whereas intrinsic motivation tends to lead to deeper learning and higher achievement (Pintrich, 2004). Hill and Rowe (1996) suggest that although motivation can be intrinsic to the student, educators also play a role and motivation can be influenced by educator and classroom level variables.

Engagement typically refers to “the amount, type, and intensity of investment students make in their educational experiences” (Jennings & Angelo, 2006, p. 6). It has also been described as “students’ cognitive investment in, active participation in, and emotional commitment to their learning” (Zepke & Leach, 2010, p. 168). Engagement in the context of education is often described in terms of three categories:

The National Survey of Student Engagement identifies five clusters or benchmarks of effective engagement:

Students who are actively engaged tend to demonstrate more effort, experience emotions that are positive, are inclined to take on more challenging tasks, and have greater educational success than those who are less engaged (Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & Paris, 2004).

Motivation and engagement have been found to have a reciprocal relationship. Positive motivation leads to increased engagement, increased engagement leads to continuing success, and this ongoing success leads to increased motivation (Afflerbach, Harrison, & Alvermann, 2017). Students who are motivated by and engaged in learning tend to perform considerably higher academically and are better prepared than their unmotivated or disengaged peers are (Fredricks, Bulumenfeld, & Paris, 2004). Both motivation and engagement are influenced by students’ prior experiences. Students who have experienced success in learning tend to be more motivated whereas students who experience failure tend to be less motivated and, as a result, less engaged. Therefore, in order to help promote students’ achievement it is important to create a classroom environment in which motivation and engagement thrive. This is especially key in the online environment where motivation and engagement can be more difficult to monitor and facilitate.

Topic 2 – The ARCS Model

Introduction

Keller (1987) developed the ARCS Model of Motivation, which is based upon the notion that there are four key elements in the learning process that can encourage and sustain learners’ motivation. These four categories represent sets of conditions that are necessary for a person to be fully motivated and include the following:

According to Keller (1987), Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction are all needed to make learning interesting, meaningful and appropriately challenging for students. The ARCS Model of motivation has been applied successfully to a variety of learning settings, including the online environment, and each of the categories can be applied to a variety of instructional contexts. This model can provide a useful framework for selecting strategies and activities for the online environment to promote motivation and engagement.

A PDF of the ARCS model can be found here:

http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/teachingLibrary/Learning%20Theory/ARCSintegrated_handout.pdf

Topic 3 – Strategies for Supporting Online Motivation and Engagement

Introduction

Briggs (2015) identifies three major obstacles to student engagement and proposes ten ways to overcome these barriers to student engagement online:

Sull (2013) also suggests that educators post a welcome announcement that is enthusiastic and motivating, and post ongoing announcements throughout the course so students can see that you are engaged at all times. He also recommends that educators respond to all student queries within 24 hours, and that they ensure that all assignment feedback is detailed and positive in tone.

Online Readings/Videos

The group that is facilitating the module this week will select from the following online readings and videos to provide to the learners:

Readings:

Videos:

Learning Activities

The group that is facilitating the module this week will select one activity from the following to facilitate:

Learning Activity 1 – ARCS Model

Students will divide into four groups based on the four major conditions for motivation identified by Keller. Each group will brainstorm possible ways to improve the assigned condition for motivation in on online environment (they can draw from the online courses they are auditing, the readings, or their own personal experience), and will share their top suggestions with the rest of the group.

Learning Activity 2 – Visual of ARCS Model

Students will be asked to create a visual depiction of the ARCS model that incorporates the four major conditions and clearly indicates how the conditions affect student motivation. Student can use any digital tools that they would like to create their visuals and will share their creations with the group.

Learning Activity 3 – Engagement and Motivation Case Study

Students will be presented with a case study that describes a scenario related to online engagement and motivation and will be asked to analyze the case and provide suggestions for how they can address the issues identified in the case based on the readings, the online course that they are auditing, or their own personal experience.

Feedback Activity

Students that were not facilitating this week will be asked to provide constructive feedback to the weeks’ facilitators. One strategy that you can use to provide feedback is the “I Like, I Wish, What If” method. Using this method, you can provide open feedback by providing three types of statements for your peers (Stanford University Institute of Design, 2016):

Another strategy you can use for peer feedback of online facilitation is a Feedback Capture Grid, which includes four quadrants to note your likes, wishes, questions and ideas. You can use the following template to guide your feedback if you chose to use this method.

Post your feedback in the appropriate discussion forum.

Reflection Activity

Students that were facilitating this week will be asked to complete a “ FLIF ” ( F eel, L ike, I mprove, F eedback) reflection (Adapted from Facilitating Learning Online – Fundamentals, 2018).

Summary

Online learning can present a different challenge compared to the traditional classroom when it comes to supporting student motivation and engagement. Without the presence of visual cues, it can be hard for educators to tell when students become disengaged, and new online educators may also find it difficult to convey their own motivation and enthusiasm in the online environment. Also, the online environment requires greater self-motivation from student in order to stay on track and engaged. This module provided an overview of motivation and engagement, and examined Keller’s ARCS model of motivation, which suggests that Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction are all needed to make learning interesting, meaningful, and appropriately challenging for students. It also explored a variety of strategies that can be used to support motivation and engagement in the online environment. In the next module, we will explore strategies for managing the online environment.

References

Afflerbach, P., Harrison, C., & Alvermann, D. (2017). What is engagement, how is it Different from motivation, and how can i promote it? Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 61 (2), 217-220.

Bart, M. (2012). Online student engagement tools and strategies . Retrieved from “https://www.facultyfocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/FF-Online-Student-Engagement-Report.pdf”

Briggs, A. (2015). Ten ways to overcome barriers to student engagement online . Retrieved from “https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/news_item/ten-ways-overcome-barriers-student-engagement-online/”

Carleton University. (2017). Engaging online students [Video file]. Retrieved from “https://mediaspace.carleton.ca/media/Engaging+Online+Students/0_w1vaa7d6”

Carleton University. (2017). Improving student motivation [Video file]. Retrieved from “https://mediaspace.carleton.ca/media/Improving+Student+Motivation/0_iivp0v0z”

Conner, J. O., & Pope, D. C. (2013). Not just robo-students: Why full engagement matters and how schools can promote it. Journal of youth and adolescence , 42 (9), 1426-1442.

Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of educational research , 74 (1), 59-109.

Hill, P. W., & Rowe, K. J. (1996). Multilevel modeling in school effectiveness research. School Effectiveness and School Improvement , 7, 1–34.

Jennings, J. M. & Angelo, T. (eds.) (2006). Student engagement: Measuring and enhancing engagement with learning [Proceedings of a symposium], New Zealand Universities Academic Audit Unit, Wellington.

Keller, J. M. (1987). Development and use of the ARCS model of instructional design. Journal of instructional development , 10 (3), 2.

Kim, C., & Bennekin, K. N. (2013). Design and implementation of volitional control support in mathematics courses. Educational Technology Research & Development, 61 (5), 793 – 817.

Kuh, G. D. (2009). The national survey of student engagement: Conceptual and empirical foundations. New directions for institutional research , 2009 (141), 5-20.

Martin, A. (2006). The relationship between teachers’ perceptions of student motivation and engagement and teachers’ enjoyment of and confidence in teaching. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 34 (1), 73-93.

Pacansky-Brock, M. (2016). Unpacking the Problem of Unmotivated Online Students . Retrieved from “https://www.edsurge.com/news/2016-05-31-unpacking-the-problem-of-unmotivated-online-students”

Pappas, C. (2015). Instructional design models and theories: Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation . Retrieved from “https://elearningindustry.com/arcs-model-of-motivation”

Pintrich, P. R. (2004).  A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students.  Educational Psychology Review, 16 (4), 385-407.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25 (1), 54 – 67.

Smith, P.L, Ragan, T.J. (2005). Promoting interest and motivation in learning . Retrieved from “http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/smith/0471393533/web_chaps/wch03.pdf”

Sull, E. (2013). Student engagement in the online classroom . Retrieved from “https://www.chronicle.com/article/Student-Engagement-in-the/136897”

The University of New South Wales (2011). Engaging and motivation students [Video File]. Retrieved from “https://youtu.be/DvJuzE-g7OM”

Turner, J., & Paris, S. G. (1995). How literacy tasks influence children’s motivation for literacy. The Reading Teacher , 48 (8), 662-673.

Vancouver Island University. (2018). Facilitating + moderating online . Retrieved from “https://ciel.viu.ca/learning-technologies-innovation/online-blended-learning/facilitating-moderating-online”

Zepke, N., and Leach, L. (2010). Improving student engagement: Ten proposals for action. Active Learning in Higher Education, 11 (3), 167-177 “http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/teachingLibrary/Learning%20Theory/ARCSintegrated_handout.pdf”